Sovereignty and the 4 Horsemen of the Apocalypse

Abstract

The organization of the political and territorial design of the capitalistic world-system was forged by providing cohesion through discipline. In that structure the state-nation plays a central role. Over time, however, this state-nation and the institution of capitalism itself have been questioned and corroded by the very agents that created it, as well as by those that had not been fully disciplined. This article will highlight the challenges to state sovereignty that emerge from the action of four subjects: super-states (imperialism theory), corporations, organized crime (drug cartels) and subordinated societalities in resistance (inner colonialism theory).

References

Banco Mundial (2019). PIB Mundial. https://data.worldbank.org

Barrios Rodríguez, David (2020). La vida entre cercos: militarización social en América Latina en el Siglo XXI [Tesis de doctorado]. PPELA, UNAM, México. http://ru.atheneadigital.filos.unam.mx/jspui/handle/FFYL_UNAM/490

Barrios Rodríguez, David (2021). Tesis sobre la militarización social en América Latina y el Caribe. Observatorio Latinoamericano de Geopolítica. https://geopolitica.iiec.unam.mx/sites/geopolitica.iiec.unam.mx/files/2021-10/Tesis%20sobre%20la%20militarizaci%C3%B3n%20social%20en%20Am%C3%A9rica%20Latina%20y%20el%20Caribe_David%20Barrios_Rodr%C3%ADguez%20%281%29.pdf

Ceceña, Ana Esther (2014).  La dominación de espectro completo sobre América. Patria (Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Comercio e Integración del Ecuador),(1), 85-103.

Ceceña, Ana Esther (2017). Chevron: La territorialidad capitalista al límite. Chevron. Paradigma de la catástrofe civilizatoria. México: Siglo XXI.

Fortune (2019). Ranking. Fortune Global 500-2019. https://www.fortuneenespanol.com/rankings/ranking-fortune-global-500-2019/amp/

González Casanova, Pablo (2003). Colonialismo interno: una redefinición. Conceptos y fenómenos fundamentales de nuestro tiempo. México: UNAM.

Hansen, Thomas Bloom y Stepputat, Finn (2006). Sovereignty revisited. Annual Review of Anthropology, 35, 295-315.